ICT SMANCOL

Dasar-dasar keamanan Sistem Informasi

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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamanan Informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">David Khan dalam bukunya “The Code-breakers” membagi
masalah pengamanan informasi menjadi dua kelompok; security dan intelligence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Security dikaitkan dengan pengamanan data,</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Intelligence dikaitkan dengan pencarian
(pencurian,penyadapan) data.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamanan data dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara,
yaitu steganography dan cryptography.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Steganografi</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Steganografi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu
Steganós yang berarti menyembunyikan dan Graptos yang artinya tulisan sehingga
secara keseluruhan artinya adalah tulisan yang disebunyikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa contoh penggunaan steganografi pada masa
lalu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Tahun 480 SM, Demaratus mengirimkan pesan kepada
polis Sparta yang berisi peringatan </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">mengenai penyerangan Xerxes yang ditunda.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Abad ke 5 SM, Histaiacus mengirimkan pesan kepada
Aristagoras Miletus untuk </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">memberontak terhadap raja Persia.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penggunaan tinta yang tidak terlihat pada pesan
lainnya.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Perang dunia II, Jerman menggunakan microdots untuk
berkomunikasi.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pada perang dunia II, Amerika Serikat menggunakan
suku Indian Navajo sebagai media </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">untuk berkomunikasi.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Berikut adalah beberapa istilah yang sering
digunakan dalam teknik steganografi:</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Carrier file : file yang berisi pesan rahasia
tersebut</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Steganalysis : proses untuk mendeteksi keberadaan
pesan rahasia dalam suatu file</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Stego-medium : media yang digunakan untuk membawa
pesan rahasia</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Redundant bits : sebagian informasi yang terdapat di
dalam file yang jika dihilangkan tidak akan menimbulakn kerusakan yang
signifiakan (setidaknya bagi indera manusia)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Payload : informasi yang akan disembunyikan</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Kriptografi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">“Crypto” berarti “secret” (rahasia) dan
“graphy” berarti “writing” (tulisan).</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Cryptography adalah sebuah kumpulan teknik yang
digunakan untuk mengubah informasi/pesan (plaintext) kedalam sebuah teks
rahasia (ciphertext) yang kemudian bisa diubah kembali ke format semula.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pelaku atau praktisi kriptografi disebut
cryptographers.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sebuah algoritma kriptografik (cryptographic
algorithm), disebut cipher.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Cryptanalysis adalah seni dan ilmu untuk memecahkan
ciphertext tanpa bantuan kunci. Pelaku/praktisinya disebut Cryptanalyst,
sedangkan Cryptology merupakan gabungan dari cryptography dan cryptanalysis.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada cryptography pengamanan dilakukan dengan dua
cara, yaitu transposisi dan substitusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pada penggunaan transposisi, posisi dari huruf yang
diubah-ubah,</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pada penggunaan substitusi, huruf (atau kata)
digantikan dengan huruf atau simbol lain.</span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dasar-Dasar Enkripsi</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Proses yang dilakukan untuk mengamankan sebuah pesan
(plaintext) menjadi pesan yang tersembunyi (ciphertext) sehingga tidak dapat
dibaca oleh orang yang tidak berhak adalah enkripsi (encryption) atau disebut
“encipher”.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Proses sebaliknya, untuk mengubah ciphertext menjadi
plaintext, disebut dekripsi (decryption) atau disebut Dasar-dasar Enkripsi
“decipher”.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Data disandikan (encrypted) dengan menggunakan
sebuah kunci (key). Untuk membuka (decrypt) data tersebut digunakan juga sebuah
kunci yang dapat sama dengan kunci untuk mengenkripsi (private key
cryptography) atau dengan kunci yang berbeda (public key cryptography).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infrastruktur Kunci Publik</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pengamanan komunikasi data untuk keperluan publik
(antar institusi, individu-institusi, individu-individu)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen infrastruktur kunci publik:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Tandatangan digital (digital signature)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Otoritas Sertifikat (certificate authority)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Algoritma kriptografi klasik:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Chiper Substitusi (Substitution Chipers)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Chiper Transposisi (Transposition Chipers)</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chiper Substitusi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Ini adalah algoritma kriptografi yang mula-mula
digunakan oleh kaisar Romawi, Julius Caesar (sehingga dinamakan juga caesar
chiper), untuk menyandikan pesan yang ia kirim kepada para gubernurnya.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Caranya adalah dengan mengganti (menyulih atau
mensubstitusi) setiap karakter dengan karakter lain dalam susunan abjad
(alfabet).</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Misalnya, tiap huruf disubstitusi dengan huruf
ketiga berikutnya dari susunan abjad. Dalam hal ini kuncinya adalah jumlah
pergeseran huruf (yaitu k = 3).</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel substitusi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">pi : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X
Y Z</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">ci : D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A
B C</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh 1. Pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">AWASI ASTERIX DAN TEMANNYA OBELIX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">disamarkan (enskripsi) menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DZDVL DVWHULA GDQ WHPDQQBA REHOLA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Penerima pesan men-dekripsi chiperteks dengan
menggunakan tabel substitusi, sehingga chiperteks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DZDVL DVWHULA GDQ WHPDQQBA REHOLA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dapat dikembalikan menjadi plainteks semula:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• AWASI ASTERIX DAN TEMANNYA OBELIX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chiper Transposisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Pada chiper transposisi, plainteks tetap sama,
tetapi urutannya diubah. Dengan kata lain,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">algoritma ini melakukan transpose terhadap rangkaian
karakter di dalam teks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Nama lain untuk metode ini adalah permutasi,karena
transpose setiap karakter di dalam teks sama dengan mempermutasikan
karakter-karakter tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh 2. Misalkan plainteks adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KOMPUTER BSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk meng-enkripsi pesan, plainteks ditulis secara
horizontal dengan lebar kolom tetap, misal selebar 6 karakter (kunci k = 6):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEPART<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EMENTE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KNIKKO<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MPUTER<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• maka chiperteksnya dibaca secara vertikal menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEKMBEMNPSPEIUIANKTRTOETEOR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk mendekripsi pesan, kita membagi panjang
chiperteks dengan kunci. Pada contoh ini, kita membagi 30 dengan 6 untuk
mendapatkan 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Algoritma dekripsi identik dengan algoritma
enkripsi. Jadi, untuk contoh ini, kita menulis chiperteks dalam baris-baris
selebar 5 karakter menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEKMB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EMNPS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEIUI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANKT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RTKE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TEOR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Dengan membaca setiap kolom kita memperoleh pesan
semula:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KOMPUTER BSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai solusi Enkripsi Modern<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Data Encryption Standard (DES)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi yang menggunakan DES antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- enkripsi dari password di sistem UNIX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- berbagai aplikasi di bidang perbankan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Enigma Rotor Machine<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• IP Security (IPSec)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• MD5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Program Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), dan secure shell
(SSH).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Kelemahan Enkripsi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penanganan yang salah atau kesalahan manusia,
kurangnya manajemen data enkripsi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Kekurangan dalam cipher itu sendiri</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Serangan brute force</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Evaluasi Keamanan Sistem Informasi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab keamanan harus selalu dimonitor:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Ditemukannya lubang keamanan (security hole) yang
baru.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Kesalahan konfigurasi.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penambahan perangkat baru (hardware dan/atau software)
yang menyebabkan menurunnya tingkat security atau berubahnya metoda untuk
mengoperasikan sistem.</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Sumber lubang keamanan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lubang keamanan (security hole) dapat terjadi karena
beberapa hal; salah disain (design flaw), salah implementasi, salah konfigurasi,
dan salah penggunaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Penguji keamanan sistem</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk sistem yang berbasis UNIX ada beberapa tools
yang dapat digunakan, antara lain: Cops, Tripwire, Satan/Saint, SBScan:
localhost security scanner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Program-program lain yang ada di internet </b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Crack, land and latierra, ping-o-death, winuke dan
lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Probing Services</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Servis di Internet umumnya dilakukan dengan
menggunakan protokol TCP atau UDP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap servis dijalankan dengan menggunakan port yang
berbeda, misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">SMTP, untuk mengirim dan menerima e-mail, TCP, port
25</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">DNS, untuk domain, UDP dan TCP, port 53</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">HTTP, web server, TCP, port 80</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">POP3, untuk mengambil e-mail, TCP, port 110</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Mendeteksi Probling</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk mendeteksi adanya probing ke sistem informasi
dapat dipasang suatu program yang memonitornya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Program Probe lain : courtney, portsentry dan tcplogd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>OS fingerprinting</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Fingerprinting merupakan istilah yang umum digunakan
untuk menganalisa OS sistem yang dituju.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara konvensional Fingerprinting dapat dilakukan
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Melakukan telnet ke server yang dituju.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Servis FTP. Servis FTP tersedia di port 21.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menggunakan program netcat (nc)</span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Penggunaan Program Penyerang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kelemahan sistem
informasi anda adalah dengan menyerang diri sendiri dengan paket-paket program
penyerang (attack) yang dapat diperoleh di Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Penggunaan sistem pemantau jaringan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pemantau jaringan (network monitoring) dapat
digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya lubang keamanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Pemantau adanya serangan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sistem pemantau (monitoring system) digunakan untuk
mengetahui adanya tamu tak diundang (intruder) atau adanya serangan (attack).</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Nama lain dari sistem ini adalah “intruder detection
system” (IDS)</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Contoh software IDS antara lain:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Autobuse, mendeteksi probing dengan memonitor
logfile.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Courtney dan portsentry, mendeteksi probing (port
scanning) dengan memonitor packet </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">yang lalu lalang.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Shadow dari SANS</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Snort, mendeteksi pola (pattern) pada paket yang
lewat dan mengirimkan alert jika pola </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">tersebut terdeteksi.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Honeypot</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Merupakan sebuah sistem yang digunakan untuk
memancing dan memantau hacker</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Berupa kumpulan software (server) yang seolah-olah
merupakan server yang hidup dan </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">memberi layanan tertentu</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">SMTP yang memantau asal koneksi dan aktivitas
penyerang (misalnya penyerang berniat </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">menggunakan server tersebut sebagai mail
relay)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Beberapa honeypot digabungkan menjadi honeynet</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Mengamankan Sistem Informasi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pentingnya Keamanan Sistem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut G.J. Simons, keamanan informasi adalah
bagaimana seseorang dapat mencegah penipuan (cheating) atau paling tidak
mendeteksi adanya penipuan di sebuah sistem yang berbasis informasi, dimana
informasinya tidak memiliki arti fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa Cara Melakukan Serangan pada jalur Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sniffing</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Spoofing</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Man-in-the-middle</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menebak password</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Modification Attacks</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biasanya didahului oleh access attack untuk
mendapatkan akses<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari
berubahnya informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pengubahan nilai kuliah</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penghapusan data utang di bank</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengubah tampilan situs web</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Denial of Service Attacks</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berusaha mencegah pemakai yang sah untuk mengakses
sebuah sumber daya atau informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biasanya ditujukan kepada pihak-pihak yang memiliki
pengaruh luas dan kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">   (mis: perusahaan besar, tokohtokoh tokoh
politik, dsb)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Teknik DoS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengganggu aplikasi (mis: membuat webserver down)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengganggu sistem (mis: membuat sistem operasi down)</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengganggu jaringan (mis: dengan TCP SYN flood)</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Mengatur akses (Access Control)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu cara yang umum digunakan untuk
mengamankan informasi adalah dengan mengatur akses ke informasi melalui
mekanisme “authentication” dan “access control”. Implementasi dari mekanisme
ini antara lain dengan menggunakan “password”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setting User dan Password pada windows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menampilkan jendela User Account Klik Start > Run
dan ketik “control userpasswords2”</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Klik tombol Add untuk menambah user baru dan Remove
untuk menghapus User.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Klik tombol Reset Password untuk merubah Password
User</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Merubah Properties User</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klik tombol Properties untuk melihat properties dari
user.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada 2 Pilihan utama disamping 8 pilihan anggota group
yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Standard User (Power User)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">User dapat merubah beberapa file sistem, menginstall
program yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap file sistem windows<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Restricted User (User Groups)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">User dapat menggunakan komputer dan menyimpan dokumen
tetapi tidak dapat menginstall program dan merubah setting sistem windows.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan User (lanjutan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Passwords dan .NET Passwords digunakan sebagai
fasilitas untuk mengatur data password user yang dapat menggunakan komputer dan
email.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Advanced user management digunakan untuk mengatur
group dan user pemakai komputer secara lebih detail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Kriteria pembuatan password</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Jangan menggunakan nama login, nama pertama atau
akhir beserta variasinya dan nama pasangan atau anak.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Jangan menggunakan informasi lainnya yang mudah
didapat tentang anda seperti No telp, Tgl Lahir.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Gunakan password yang merupakan kombinasi antara
huruf kapital dan huruf kecil dan angka.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Gunakan special “32 karakter ALT”, diketikkan dengan
menahan tombol Alt ketika mengetik angka antara 128 and 255 pada tombol angka
dengan indikator Num Lock on.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Gunakan Pasword yang mudah diketikkan, tanpa perlu
melihat pada keyboard.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Menutup servis yang tidak digunakan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Seringkali sistem (perangkat keras dan/atau
perangkat lunak) diberikan dengan beberapa servis dijalankan sebagai default.
contoh, pada sistem UNIX servis-servis berikut sering dipasang dari vendornya:
finger, telnet, ftp, smtp, pop, echo, dan seterusnya.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Servis tersebut tidak semuanya dibutuhkan. Untuk
mengamankan sistem, servis yang tidak diperlukan di server (komputer) tersebut
sebaiknya dimatikan.</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Memasang Proteksi</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Proteksi ini dapat berupa filter (secara umum) dan
yang lebih spesifik adalah firewall. Filter dapat digunakan untuk memfilter
e-mail, informasi, akses, atau bahkan dalam level packet.</span></li>
</ul>
<br /></div>

Dasar-dasar keamanan Sistem Informasi

Pengamanan Informasi David Khan dalam bukunya “The Code-breakers” membagi masalah pengamanan informasi menjadi dua kelompok; security da...

00:33

Pengantar Keamanan Data

</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.      Keamanan dalam operasi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek dari keamanan Jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Privacy / Confidentiality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah usaha untuk menjaga informasi dari orang yang
tidak berhak mengakses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Integrity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini menekankan Informasi tidak boleh diubah
tanpa seijin pemilik informasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Authentication<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini berhubungan dengan metoda untuk menyatakan
bahwa informasi betul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">betul asli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Availability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek availability atau ketersediaan berhubungan
dengan ketersediaan informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ketika dibutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Access Control<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini berhubungan dengan cara pengaturan akses
kepada informasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. Non-repudiation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini menjaga agar seseorang tidak dapat
menyangkat telah melakukan sebuah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Pengantar Keamanan Data

Pengelolaan terhadap keamanan dapat dilihat dari sisi pengelolaan resiko (risk management). Lawrie Brown dalam “Lecture Notes for Use wi...