Keamanan Sistem World Wide Web

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Sejarah singkat WWW</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dikembangkan oleh Tim Berners-Lee ketika bekerja di CERN (Swiss). Untuk membaca atau melihat sistem WWW digunakan tools yang dikenal dengan istilah browser.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah browser dimulai dari NeXT. Selain NeXT, saat itu ada browser yang berbentuk text seperti “line mode” browser. Kemudian ada Mosaic yang multi-platform (Unix/Xwindow, Mac, Windows) dikembangkan oleh Marc Andreesen dkk ketika sedang magang di NCSA.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arsitektur sistem Web terdiri dari dua sisi: Server dan client.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Server (apache, IIS)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Client IE,Firefox,Netscape,Mozilla,Safari,Opera,Galeon,kfm,arena,amaya,lynx,K-meleon</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Terhubung melalui jaringan</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Program dapat dijalankan diserver(CGI,[java]servlet)atau di sisi client(javascript,java applet</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Memungkinkan untuk mengimplementasikan sistem secara tersentralisasi</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Client hanya membutuhkan web browser (yang ada di semua komputer), thin client</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"> Update software bisa dilakukan di server saja, tanpa perlu mengubah sisi client</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Browser di sisi client dapat ditambah dengan “plugin” untuk menambahkan fitur (animasi,         streaming audio & video); Macromedia Flash / Shockwave</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mulai banyak aplikasi yang menggunakan basis web</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Aplikasi baru</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Blog</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Authentication</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain menyajikan data-data dalam bentuk statis, sistem Web dapat menyajikan data dalam bentuk dinamis dengan menjalankan program. Program ini dapat dijalankan di server (misal dengan CGI, servlet) dan di client (applet, Javascript).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Server WWW menyediakan fasilitas agar client dari tempat lain dapat mengambil informasi dalam bentuk berkas (file), atau mengeksekusi perintah (menjalankan program) di server. Fasilitas pengambilan berkas dilakukan dengan perintah “GET”.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya lubang keamanan di sistem WWW dapat dieksploitasi dalam bentuk yang beragam, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">informasi yang ditampilkan di server diubah (deface)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">informasi yang semestinya dikonsumsi untuk kalangan terbatas (misalnya laporan </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">keuangan,strategi perusahaan,atau database client) ternyata berhasil disadap oleh orang lain.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">server diserang (misalnya dengan memberikan request secara bertubi-tubi) sehingga tidak bisa memberikan layanan ketika dibutuhkan (denial of service attack) Informasi Deface http://www.zone-h.org/</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membatasi akses melalui Kontrol Akses<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembatasan akses dapat dilakukan dengan:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">membatasi domain atau nomor IP yang dapat mengakses (konfigurasi Web server atau Firewall</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">menggunakan pasangan userid & password;</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">mengenkripsi data sehingga hanya dapat dibuka (dekripsi) oleh orang yang memiliki kunci pembuka.</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Secure Socket Layer</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan menggunakan enkripsi, orang tidak bisa menyadap datadata (transaksi) yang dikirimkan dari/ke server WWW. Salah satu mekanisme yang cukup populer adalah dengan menggunakan Secure Socket Layer (SSL) yang mulanya dikembangkan oleh Netscape.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengetahui Jenis Server<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Informasi tentang web server yang digunakan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh perusak untuk melancarkan serangan sesuai dengan tipe server dan operating system yang digunakan.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Informasi tentang program server yang digunakan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan program “telnet” dengan melakukan telnet ke port 80 dari server web.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Program Ogre (yang berjalan di sistem Windows) dapat mengetahui program server web yang digunakan.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Untuk sistem UNIX, program lynx dapat digunakan untuk melihat jenis server dengan menekan kunci “sama dengan” (=).</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Keamanan Program Common Gateway Interface (CGI)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CGI digunakan untuk menghubungkan sistem WWW dengan software lain di server web. Adanya CGI memungkinkan hubungan interaktif antara user dan server web. CGI seringkali digunakan sebagai mekanisme untuk mendapatkan informasi dari user melalui “fill out form”, mengakses database, atau menghasilkan halaman yang dinamis.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara prinsip mekanisme CGI tidak memiliki lubang keamanan, program atau skrip yang dibuat sebagai CGI dapat memiliki lubang Keamanan. Program CGI ini dijalankan di server web sehingga menggunakan resources web server tersebut dan membuka potensi lubang keamanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lubang Keamanan CGI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">CGI dipasang oleh orang yang tidak berhak</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">CGI dijalankan berulang-ulang untuk menghabiskan resources (CPU, disk): DoS</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Masalah setuid CGI di sistem UNIX, dimana CGI dijalankan oleh userid web server</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penyisipan karakter khusus untuk shell expansion</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Kelemahan ASP di sistem Windows</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Guestbook abuse dengan informasi sampah (pornografi)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Akses ke database melalui perintah SQL (SQL injection)</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Keamanan client WWW</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelanggaran Privacy<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya penyimpanan data browsing pada “cookie” yang fungsinya adalah untuk menandai kemana user browsing.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya situs web yang mengirimkan script (misal Javascript) yang melakukan interogasi terhadap server client (melalui browser) dan mengirimkan informasi ini ke server.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Attack (via active script, javascript, java)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pengiriman data-data komputer (program apa yang terpasang)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">DoS attack (buka windows banyak)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penyusupan virus, trojan horse, spyware</span></li> </ul> <br /></div>

Keamanan Sistem World Wide Web

Sejarah singkat WWW Dikembangkan oleh Tim Berners-Lee ketika bekerja di CERN (Swiss). Untuk membaca atau melihat sistem WWW digunakan to...

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Firewall

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Firewall merupakan sebuah perangkat yang diletakkan antara Internet dengan jaringan internal.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tujuan adanya firewall adalah untuk menjaga (prevent) agar akses (ke dalam maupun ke luar) dari orang yang tidak berwenang (unauthorized access) tidak dapat dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konfigurasi dari firewall bergantung kepada kebijaksanaan (policy) dari organisasi yang bersangkutan, yang dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">prohibitted</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">permitted</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara konseptual terdapat 2 macam firewall:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Network Level</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Application Firewall</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keuntungan Firewall<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Firewall merupakan fokus dari segala keputusan sekuritas</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Firewall dapat menerapkan suatu kebijaksanaan sekuritas</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Firewall dapat mencatat segala aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan alur data secara efisien</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Firewall dapat digunakan untuk membatasi penggunaan sumber daya informasi</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelemahan Firewall<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Firewall tidak dapat melindungi network dari serangan koneksi yang tidak melewatinya</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Firewall tidak dapat melindungi dari serangan dengan metoda baru yang belum dikenal</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk menjaga fungsi komunikasi jaringan dalam lingkungan yang berfirewall, dilakukan dua cara :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Packet filtering</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menggunakan sistem proxy</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Arsitektur dasar Firewall</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada 3 macam arsitektur dasar firewall, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Arsitektur dengan dual-homed host (dual homed gateway/DHG)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Screened-host (screened host gateway/SHG)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Screened subnet (screened subnet gateway (SSG)</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Beberapa Software Firewall</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Zone Alarm Pro Firewall</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">PC Tools Firewall Plus</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Windows XP Firewall Port & Application Manager</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Norton Internet Security</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Prevx1 2.0.15 build 6</span></li> </ul> <br /></div>

Firewall

Firewall merupakan sebuah perangkat yang diletakkan antara Internet dengan jaringan internal. Tujuan adanya firewall adalah untuk menjag...

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Dasar-dasar keamanan Sistem Informasi

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamanan Informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">David Khan dalam bukunya “The Code-breakers” membagi masalah pengamanan informasi menjadi dua kelompok; security dan intelligence.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Security dikaitkan dengan pengamanan data,</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Intelligence dikaitkan dengan pencarian (pencurian,penyadapan) data.</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamanan data dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara, yaitu steganography dan cryptography.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Steganografi</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Steganografi berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu Steganós yang berarti menyembunyikan dan Graptos yang artinya tulisan sehingga secara keseluruhan artinya adalah tulisan yang disebunyikan.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa contoh penggunaan steganografi pada masa lalu:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Tahun 480 SM, Demaratus mengirimkan pesan kepada polis Sparta yang berisi peringatan </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">mengenai penyerangan Xerxes yang ditunda.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Abad ke 5 SM, Histaiacus mengirimkan pesan kepada Aristagoras Miletus untuk </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">memberontak terhadap raja Persia.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penggunaan tinta yang tidak terlihat pada pesan lainnya.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Perang dunia II, Jerman menggunakan microdots untuk berkomunikasi.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pada perang dunia II, Amerika Serikat menggunakan suku Indian Navajo sebagai media </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">untuk berkomunikasi.</span></li> </ul> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Berikut adalah beberapa istilah yang sering digunakan dalam teknik steganografi:</span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Carrier file : file yang berisi pesan rahasia tersebut</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Steganalysis : proses untuk mendeteksi keberadaan pesan rahasia dalam suatu file</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Stego-medium : media yang digunakan untuk membawa pesan rahasia</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Redundant bits : sebagian informasi yang terdapat di dalam file yang jika dihilangkan tidak akan menimbulakn kerusakan yang signifiakan (setidaknya bagi indera manusia)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Payload : informasi yang akan disembunyikan</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Kriptografi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">“Crypto” berarti “secret” (rahasia) dan “graphy” berarti “writing” (tulisan).</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Cryptography adalah sebuah kumpulan teknik yang digunakan untuk mengubah informasi/pesan (plaintext) kedalam sebuah teks rahasia (ciphertext) yang kemudian bisa diubah kembali ke format semula.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pelaku atau praktisi kriptografi disebut cryptographers.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sebuah algoritma kriptografik (cryptographic algorithm), disebut cipher.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Cryptanalysis adalah seni dan ilmu untuk memecahkan ciphertext tanpa bantuan kunci. Pelaku/praktisinya disebut Cryptanalyst, sedangkan Cryptology merupakan gabungan dari cryptography dan cryptanalysis.</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada cryptography pengamanan dilakukan dengan dua cara, yaitu transposisi dan substitusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pada penggunaan transposisi, posisi dari huruf yang diubah-ubah,</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pada penggunaan substitusi, huruf (atau kata) digantikan dengan huruf atau simbol lain.</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-size: 10.5pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dasar-Dasar Enkripsi</span></b></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Proses yang dilakukan untuk mengamankan sebuah pesan (plaintext) menjadi pesan yang tersembunyi (ciphertext) sehingga tidak dapat dibaca oleh orang yang tidak berhak adalah enkripsi (encryption) atau disebut “encipher”.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Proses sebaliknya, untuk mengubah ciphertext menjadi plaintext, disebut dekripsi (decryption) atau disebut Dasar-dasar Enkripsi “decipher”.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Data disandikan (encrypted) dengan menggunakan sebuah kunci (key). Untuk membuka (decrypt) data tersebut digunakan juga sebuah kunci yang dapat sama dengan kunci untuk mengenkripsi (private key cryptography) atau dengan kunci yang berbeda (public key cryptography).</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Infrastruktur Kunci Publik</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pengamanan komunikasi data untuk keperluan publik (antar institusi, individu-institusi, individu-individu)</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen infrastruktur kunci publik:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Tandatangan digital (digital signature)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Otoritas Sertifikat (certificate authority)</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Algoritma kriptografi klasik:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Chiper Substitusi (Substitution Chipers)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Chiper Transposisi (Transposition Chipers)</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chiper Substitusi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Ini adalah algoritma kriptografi yang mula-mula digunakan oleh kaisar Romawi, Julius Caesar (sehingga dinamakan juga caesar chiper), untuk menyandikan pesan yang ia kirim kepada para gubernurnya.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Caranya adalah dengan mengganti (menyulih atau mensubstitusi) setiap karakter dengan karakter lain dalam susunan abjad (alfabet).</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Misalnya, tiap huruf disubstitusi dengan huruf ketiga berikutnya dari susunan abjad. Dalam hal ini kuncinya adalah jumlah pergeseran huruf (yaitu k = 3).</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tabel substitusi:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">pi : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">ci : D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh 1. Pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">AWASI ASTERIX DAN TEMANNYA OBELIX<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">disamarkan (enskripsi) menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DZDVL DVWHULA GDQ WHPDQQBA REHOLA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Penerima pesan men-dekripsi chiperteks dengan menggunakan tabel substitusi, sehingga chiperteks<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DZDVL DVWHULA GDQ WHPDQQBA REHOLA<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dapat dikembalikan menjadi plainteks semula:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• AWASI ASTERIX DAN TEMANNYA OBELIX<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chiper Transposisi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Pada chiper transposisi, plainteks tetap sama, tetapi urutannya diubah. Dengan kata lain,<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">algoritma ini melakukan transpose terhadap rangkaian karakter di dalam teks.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Nama lain untuk metode ini adalah permutasi,karena transpose setiap karakter di dalam teks sama dengan mempermutasikan karakter-karakter tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh 2. Misalkan plainteks adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KOMPUTER BSI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk meng-enkripsi pesan, plainteks ditulis secara horizontal dengan lebar kolom tetap, misal selebar 6 karakter (kunci k = 6):<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEPART<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EMENTE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">KNIKKO<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MPUTER<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BSI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• maka chiperteksnya dibaca secara vertikal menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEKMBEMNPSPEIUIANKTRTOETEOR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk mendekripsi pesan, kita membagi panjang chiperteks dengan kunci. Pada contoh ini, kita membagi 30 dengan 6 untuk mendapatkan 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Algoritma dekripsi identik dengan algoritma enkripsi. Jadi, untuk contoh ini, kita menulis chiperteks dalam baris-baris selebar 5 karakter menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DEKMB<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">EMNPS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEIUI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANKT<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RTKE<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">TEOR<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Dengan membaca setiap kolom kita memperoleh pesan semula:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KOMPUTER BSI<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berbagai solusi Enkripsi Modern<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Data Encryption Standard (DES)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi yang menggunakan DES antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- enkripsi dari password di sistem UNIX<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- berbagai aplikasi di bidang perbankan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Enigma Rotor Machine<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• IP Security (IPSec)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• MD5<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Program Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), dan secure shell (SSH).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Kelemahan Enkripsi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penanganan yang salah atau kesalahan manusia, kurangnya manajemen data enkripsi</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Kekurangan dalam cipher itu sendiri</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Serangan brute force</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Evaluasi Keamanan Sistem Informasi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab keamanan harus selalu dimonitor:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Ditemukannya lubang keamanan (security hole) yang baru.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Kesalahan konfigurasi.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penambahan perangkat baru (hardware dan/atau software) yang menyebabkan menurunnya tingkat security atau berubahnya metoda untuk mengoperasikan sistem.</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Sumber lubang keamanan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lubang keamanan (security hole) dapat terjadi karena beberapa hal; salah disain (design flaw), salah implementasi, salah konfigurasi, dan salah penggunaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Penguji keamanan sistem</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk sistem yang berbasis UNIX ada beberapa tools yang dapat digunakan, antara lain: Cops, Tripwire, Satan/Saint, SBScan: localhost security scanner<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Program-program lain yang ada di internet </b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Crack, land and latierra, ping-o-death, winuke dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Probing Services</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Servis di Internet umumnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan protokol TCP atau UDP.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap servis dijalankan dengan menggunakan port yang berbeda, misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">SMTP, untuk mengirim dan menerima e-mail, TCP, port 25</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">DNS, untuk domain, UDP dan TCP, port 53</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">HTTP, web server, TCP, port 80</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">POP3, untuk mengambil e-mail, TCP, port 110</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Mendeteksi Probling</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Untuk mendeteksi adanya probing ke sistem informasi dapat dipasang suatu program yang memonitornya.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Program Probe lain : courtney, portsentry dan tcplogd.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>OS fingerprinting</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Fingerprinting merupakan istilah yang umum digunakan untuk menganalisa OS sistem yang dituju.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara konvensional Fingerprinting dapat dilakukan adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ol> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Melakukan telnet ke server yang dituju.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Servis FTP. Servis FTP tersedia di port 21.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menggunakan program netcat (nc)</span></li> </ol> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Penggunaan Program Penyerang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui kelemahan sistem informasi anda adalah dengan menyerang diri sendiri dengan paket-paket program penyerang (attack) yang dapat diperoleh di Internet.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Penggunaan sistem pemantau jaringan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pemantau jaringan (network monitoring) dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya lubang keamanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Pemantau adanya serangan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sistem pemantau (monitoring system) digunakan untuk mengetahui adanya tamu tak diundang (intruder) atau adanya serangan (attack).</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Nama lain dari sistem ini adalah “intruder detection system” (IDS)</span></li> </ul> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Contoh software IDS antara lain:</span><br /> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Autobuse, mendeteksi probing dengan memonitor logfile.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Courtney dan portsentry, mendeteksi probing (port scanning) dengan memonitor packet </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">yang lalu lalang.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Shadow dari SANS</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Snort, mendeteksi pola (pattern) pada paket yang lewat dan mengirimkan alert jika pola </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">tersebut terdeteksi.</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Honeypot</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Merupakan sebuah sistem yang digunakan untuk memancing dan memantau hacker</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Berupa kumpulan software (server) yang seolah-olah merupakan server yang hidup dan </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">memberi layanan tertentu</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">SMTP yang memantau asal koneksi dan aktivitas penyerang (misalnya penyerang berniat </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">menggunakan server tersebut sebagai mail relay)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Beberapa honeypot digabungkan menjadi honeynet</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Mengamankan Sistem Informasi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pentingnya Keamanan Sistem<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut G.J. Simons, keamanan informasi adalah bagaimana seseorang dapat mencegah penipuan (cheating) atau paling tidak mendeteksi adanya penipuan di sebuah sistem yang berbasis informasi, dimana informasinya tidak memiliki arti fisik.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa Cara Melakukan Serangan pada jalur Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sniffing</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Spoofing</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Man-in-the-middle</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menebak password</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Modification Attacks</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biasanya didahului oleh access attack untuk mendapatkan akses<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari berubahnya informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Pengubahan nilai kuliah</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Penghapusan data utang di bank</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengubah tampilan situs web</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Denial of Service Attacks</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berusaha mencegah pemakai yang sah untuk mengakses sebuah sumber daya atau informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biasanya ditujukan kepada pihak-pihak yang memiliki pengaruh luas dan kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">   (mis: perusahaan besar, tokohtokoh tokoh politik, dsb)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Teknik DoS<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengganggu aplikasi (mis: membuat webserver down)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengganggu sistem (mis: membuat sistem operasi down)</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Mengganggu jaringan (mis: dengan TCP SYN flood)</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Mengatur akses (Access Control)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu cara yang umum digunakan untuk mengamankan informasi adalah dengan mengatur akses ke informasi melalui mekanisme “authentication” dan “access control”. Implementasi dari mekanisme ini antara lain dengan menggunakan “password”.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setting User dan Password pada windows<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Menampilkan jendela User Account Klik Start > Run dan ketik “control userpasswords2”</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Klik tombol Add untuk menambah user baru dan Remove untuk menghapus User.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Klik tombol Reset Password untuk merubah Password User</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Merubah Properties User</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klik tombol Properties untuk melihat properties dari user.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada 2 Pilihan utama disamping 8 pilihan anggota group yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Standard User (Power User)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">User dapat merubah beberapa file sistem, menginstall program yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap file sistem windows<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Restricted User (User Groups)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">User dapat menggunakan komputer dan menyimpan dokumen tetapi tidak dapat menginstall program dan merubah setting sistem windows.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaturan User (lanjutan)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Passwords dan .NET Passwords digunakan sebagai fasilitas untuk mengatur data password user yang dapat menggunakan komputer dan email.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">• Advanced user management digunakan untuk mengatur group dan user pemakai komputer secara lebih detail.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Kriteria pembuatan password</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Jangan menggunakan nama login, nama pertama atau akhir beserta variasinya dan nama pasangan atau anak.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Jangan menggunakan informasi lainnya yang mudah didapat tentang anda seperti No telp, Tgl Lahir.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Gunakan password yang merupakan kombinasi antara huruf kapital dan huruf kecil dan angka.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Gunakan special “32 karakter ALT”, diketikkan dengan menahan tombol Alt ketika mengetik angka antara 128 and 255 pada tombol angka dengan indikator Num Lock on.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Gunakan Pasword yang mudah diketikkan, tanpa perlu melihat pada keyboard.</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Menutup servis yang tidak digunakan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Seringkali sistem (perangkat keras dan/atau perangkat lunak) diberikan dengan beberapa servis dijalankan sebagai default. contoh, pada sistem UNIX servis-servis berikut sering dipasang dari vendornya: finger, telnet, ftp, smtp, pop, echo, dan seterusnya.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Servis tersebut tidak semuanya dibutuhkan. Untuk mengamankan sistem, servis yang tidak diperlukan di server (komputer) tersebut sebaiknya dimatikan.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Memasang Proteksi</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Proteksi ini dapat berupa filter (secara umum) dan yang lebih spesifik adalah firewall. Filter dapat digunakan untuk memfilter e-mail, informasi, akses, atau bahkan dalam level packet.</span></li> </ul> <br /></div>

Dasar-dasar keamanan Sistem Informasi

Pengamanan Informasi David Khan dalam bukunya “The Code-breakers” membagi masalah pengamanan informasi menjadi dua kelompok; security da...

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Pengantar Keamanan Data

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengelolaan terhadap keamanan dapat dilihat dari sisi pengelolaan resiko (risk management).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lawrie Brown dalam “Lecture Notes for Use with Cryptography and Network Security by William Stallings” menyarankan menggunakan “Risk Management Model” untuk menghadapi ancaman (managing threats).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada tiga komponen yang memberikan kontribusi kepada Risk, yaitu Asset, Vulnerabilities, dan Threats.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Klasifikasi Kejahatan Komputer<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.      Keamanan yang bersifat fisik (physical security)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.      Keamanan yang berhubungan dengan orang<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.      Keamanan dari data dan media serta teknik komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.      Keamanan dalam operasi:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek dari keamanan Jaringan<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Privacy / Confidentiality<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah usaha untuk menjaga informasi dari orang yang tidak berhak mengakses.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Integrity<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini menekankan Informasi tidak boleh diubah tanpa seijin pemilik informasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Authentication<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini berhubungan dengan metoda untuk menyatakan bahwa informasi betul<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">betul asli.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Availability<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek availability atau ketersediaan berhubungan dengan ketersediaan informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ketika dibutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Access Control<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini berhubungan dengan cara pengaturan akses kepada informasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. Non-repudiation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek ini menjaga agar seseorang tidak dapat menyangkat telah melakukan sebuah<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">transaksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b>Serangan Terhadap Keamanan Sistem Informasi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut W. Stallings ada beberapa kemungkinan serangan (attack):<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Interruption: Perangkat sistem menjadi rusak atau tidak tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Interception: Pihak yang tidak berwenang berhasil mengakses aset atau informasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Modification: Pihak yang tidak berwenang tidak saja berhasil mengakses, akan tetapi dapat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">   juga mengubah (tamper) aset.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Fabrication: Pihak yang tidak berwenang menyisipkan objek palsu ke dalam sistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> </div> <ul style="line-height: 14.25pt;"> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Hacking adalah setiap usaha atau kegiatan di luar izin atau sepengetahuan pemilik jaringan untuk memasuki sebuah jaringan serta mencoba mencuri file seperti file password dan sebagainya.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Cracker adalah Seorang atau sekumpulan orang yang memang secara sengaja berniat untuk merusak dan menghancurkan integritas di seluruh jaringan sistem komputer dan tindakannya dinamakan cracking.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Spoofing, yaitu sebuah bentuk kegiatan pemalsuan di mana seorang hacker memalsukan (to masquerade) identitas seorang user hingga dia berhasil secara ilegal logon atau login ke dalam satu jaringan komputer seolah-olah seperti user yang asli.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Sniffer adalah kata lain dari "network analyser" yang berfungsi sebagai alat untuk memonitor jaringan komputer. Alat ini dapat dioperasikan hampir pada seluruh tipe protokol seperti Ethernet, TCP/IP, IPX, dan lainnya</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Password Cracker adalah sebuah program yang dapat membuka enkripsi sebuah password atau sebaliknya malah untuk mematikan sistem pengamanan password.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Destructive Devices adalah sekumpulan program virus yang dibuat khusus untuk melakukan penghancuran datadata, di antaranya Trojan Horse, Worms, Email Bombs, dan Nukes.</span></li> <li><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 14.25pt;">Scanner adalah sebuah program yang secara otomatis akan mendeteksi kelemahan (security weaknesses) sebuah komputer di jaringan lokal (local host) ataupun komputer di jaringan dengan lokasi lain (remote host).</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.44444465637207px; line-height: 18.99305534362793px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <span lang="IN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div> </div>

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